On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was unanimously elected President of the Republic. In mid-October, Ankara became the capital of the new Turkish State. In July 1923, the national government signed the Lausanne Treaty with Great Britain, France, Greece, Italy, and others. Within a few weeks, the Turkish mainland was completely liberated, the armistice signed, and the rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolished. At the end of August 1922, the Turkish armies won their ultimate victory. Following the Turkish triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey, the Grand National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal Pasha the title of Commander-in-Chief with the rank of Marshal. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected to its Presidency.įighting on many fronts, he led his forces to victory against rebels and invading armies. On April 23, 1920, the Grand National Assembly was inaugurated. In defiance of the Sultan's government, he rallied a liberation army in Anatolia and convened the Congress of Erzurum and Sivas which established the basis for the new national effort under his leadership. On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in the Black Sea port of Samsun to start the War of Turkish Independence. In the next two years, he served as commander of several Ottoman armies in Palestine, Aleppo, and elsewhere, achieving another major victory by stopping the enemy advance at Aleppo. Promoted to general in 1916, at age 35, he liberated two major provinces in eastern Turkey that year. In 1915, when Dardanelles campaign was launched, Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a national hero by winning successive victories and finally repelling the invaders. In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy in Istanbul with the rank of Staff Captain. He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal. In 1893, he entered a military high school where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal (meaning perfection) in recognition of young Mustafa's superior achievement. First enrolled in a traditional religious school, he soon switched to a modern school. His mother Zubeyde, a devout and strong-willed woman, raised him and his sister. His father Ali Riza, a customs official turned lumber merchant, died when Mustafa was still a boy. In 1915, when Dardanelles campai Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, was born in 1881 (probably in the spring) in Salonica, then an Ottoman city, now in Greece.
Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, was born in 1881 (probably in the spring) in Salonica, then an Ottoman city, now in Greece.
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